OSTEOMETRICAL ASSESSMENT OF WITHERS HEIGHT AND SEX DETERMINATION OF BYZANTINE CATTLE FROM METACARPALS (THE THEODOSIUS HARBOUR AREA, ISTANBUL)

Abstract

In this research, a total of 186 metacarpal and 275 metatarsal bones were used from the 4739 bovine bones

which were collected from the Yenikapi Metro and Marmaray excavation of the port of Theodosius in Istan

bul. The bovine bones were investigated by radiocarbon (14C) dating, and the cattle bones between Early

Byzantine (4th-7 th centuries) to Late Byzantine (15th century). A total of 16 osteometric measurements were

taken from each metapodial. When the withers height was estimated according to the Matolcsi multipliers

without regard to the gender differences of the metapodial bones, it was observed that they varied between

120.97 and 123.52 cm on average. The presence of individuals with withers heights ranging from 103.45 to

148.10 cm suggests the existence of improved cattle breeding to obtain larger animals as well as steer cattle.

The wide interval scale of the withers heights seen in the Byzantine cattle suggests that Roman animal breed

ing was still an influence in this period. However, the presence of small-size cattle in the port area of

Theodosius also suggests the presence of smaller, local individuals.