Melody in Cultural Relics: Analysis of the Musicological Value of Ancient Instruments in the Mediterranean Region

Abstract

Our investigation into ancient Mediterranean instruments revealed a rich diversity of construction techniques, musical applications, and cultural significance. Archaeological analysis exposed a diversity of materials, with Egyptians favouring sycamore and willow for their harps, while Cretans and mainland Greeks relied on cypress and maple for lyres. Anatolia presented a unique case, with aulos crafted from wood, bone, or even metal. Reeds were a common element, especially for Egyptian instruments (harps) and Cycladic pan pipes. Construction techniques varied as well, with Egyptians employing dowel joinery for harps, while mainland Greece favoured mortise and tenon for lyres. Cretans utilized lashing for a simpler approach. Markings on instruments offered valuable insights. Hieroglyphs on Egyptian harps hinted at dedications to Bastet, the music goddess. Greek lyres sometimes featured carved figures potentially linked to fertility rites or Dionysus. Egyptian harps graced tomb paintings and funerary pottery, suggesting their use in religious ceremonies and funerary rites. In contrast, Greek aulos appeared frequently on vase paintings depicting symposia and athletic contests, highlighting their role in social entertainment. Cycladic art showcased pan pipes held by figurines, implying their use in daily life or rituals. Interestingly, the frequency of depictions also varied. Mainland Greece led with the most representations of lyres, followed by Egypt with harps and Crete with the double axe (labrys).